Fig. 3

Shannon entropy along the 16S rRNA gene. Shannon entropy of PacBio CCS reads (top), MiSeq sequencing reads (middle), and full-length 16S rRNA sequences of the order Clostridiales (bottom). Shannon entropy was calculated from a multiple sequence alignment in 10 bp non-overlapping sliding windows. The x-axis shows the 16S rRNA gene reference position (i.e., the start position of the window), and the y-axis shows the average entropy signal for the window. Horizontal red bars indicate where the 16S rRNA gene hypervariable regions (V1 to V9) are located. Blue arrows indicate primer pairs. For reference, full-length sequences (n = 122,715) of taxa belonging to the order Clostridiales were extracted from Greengenes (bottom)