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Table 2 Antibiotics used in this experiment (additional information from [75] and [76]

From: Resilient microorganisms in dust samples of the International Space Station—survival of the adaptation specialists

Antibiotic substance

Type

Mechanism of action

Target group

Concentrations applied (μg/ml)

Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid

β-Lactam antibiotic (penicillin) and β-lactamase inhibitor

Inhibits cell wall synthesis; bactericidal against growing bacteria

Gram+ and Gram− bacteria

0.016−256

Ampicillin

β-Lactam antibiotic penicillin

Inhibits cell wall synthesis; bactericidal against growing bacteria

Gram+ and Gram− bacteria

0.016−256

Cefotaxime

β-Lactam antibiotic; cephalosporin

Inhibits cell wall synthesis; bactericidal against growing bacteria

Gram+ and Gram− bacteria

0.016−256

Ceftriaxone

β-Lactam antibiotic; cephalosporin

Inhibits cell wall synthesis; bactericidal against growing bacteria

Gram+ and Gram− bacteria

0.016−256

Ciprofloxacin

Fluoroquinolone

Inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase; bactericidal

Gram+ and Gram− bacteria

0.002−32

Clarithromycin

Macrolide

Inhibits protein synthesis; bacteriostatic

Gram+ and Gram− bacteria

0.016−256

Clindamycin

Lincosamide

inhibits protein synthesis; bacteriostatic

Gram+ and anaerobic Gram− bacteria

0.016−256

Colistin

Polypeptide antibiotic; polymyxin

Attacks cell membrane; bactericidal

Gram− bacteria

0.016−256

Doxycycline

Polyketide antibiotic; tetracycline

inhibits protein synthesis; bacteriostatic;

Gram+ and Gram− bacteria

0.016−256

Gentamicin

Aminoglycoside

inhibits protein synthesis; bactericidal

Gram− and some Gram+ bacteria

0.016−256

Levofloxacin

Fluoroquinolone

Inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase; bactericidal

Gram+ and Gram− bacteria

0.002−32

Linezolid

Oxazolidinone

inhibits protein synthesis; bacteriostatic

Gram+ bacteria

0.016−256

Meropenem

β-Lactam antibiotic carbapenem

Inhibits cell wall synthesis; bactericidal against growing bacteria

Gram+ and Gram− bacteria

0.002−32

Moxifloxacin

Fluoroquinolone

Inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase; bactericidal;

Gram+ and Gram− bacteria

0.002−32

Penicillin G

β-Lactam antibiotic penicillin

Inhibits cell wall synthesis; bactericidal against growing bacteria

Gram+ bacteria

0.016−256

Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole

Dihydrofolate reductase inhibtor and sulfonamide

Inhibits tetrahydrofolate synthesis; bactericidal

Gram+ and Gram− bacteria

0.002−32

Vancomycin

Glycopeptide antibiotic

Inhibits cell wall synthesis; bactericidal against growing bacteria

Gram+ bacteria

0.016−256