Fig. 3

Il1rn ^−/− intestinal microbiota potentiate IL-17 production in intestinal lamina propria and joint-draining lymph nodes. a–i Production of prototypic Th1, Th17, and Th2 cell cytokines (IFNγ, IL-17A, and IL-4, respectively) by SI-LP (a–c and g–i) and draining lymph node (dLN) lymphocytes (d–f). Cells were isolated from WT and IL1rn ^−/− mice (a–f) or WT mice transplanted with IL1rn ^−/− feces and co-housed with IL1rn ^−/− mice for 10 days (g–i). Cells were stimulated ex vivo with PMA and ionomycin in duplicates for 5 h, and cytokines were measured by Luminex assay. Data represent mean + SEM of a representative experiment with n = 5 (a–c) and n = 3 (d–i) mice per group, each stimulated in duplicate. n.s. not significant, *P ≤ 0.05 and ***P ≤ 0.001, by Mann-Whitney U test. See also Additional file 1: Figure S2