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Fig. 4 | Microbiome

Fig. 4

From: Influence of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccines on the temporal variation of pneumococcal carriage and the nasal microbiota in healthy infants: a longitudinal analysis of a case–control study

Fig. 4

Beta diversity of the bacterial core microbiota. Samples from the PCV7 era (blue, n = 355) were compared to samples from the PCV13 era (red, n = 408). Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) was performed based on the Jaccard dissimilarity matrix of a the abundance-based and b the binary-based oligotype (OT) input. Within-subject Jaccard dissimilarity was longitudinally analyzed by age. Shown are the raw data (c, e) and the fitted data (d, f) using linear mixed effect (LME) models. The fixed effects were age, season of birth, and vaccine era. The random effects were intercepts for the infants and by-infant random slopes for the effect of the vaccine era. Lines are based on a local polynomial regression fitting (loess function in R). Gray bands indicate the standard deviation (SD). c Abundance-based within-subject Jaccard dissimilarity within the first year of life. d Fitted values of the abundance-based within-subject Jaccard dissimilarity. There was no significantly different dissimilarity between the PCV7 and the PCV13 era (LME model; P = 0.64). e Binary-based within-subject Jaccard dissimilarity within the first year of life. f Fitted values of the binary-based within-subject Jaccard dissimilarity. There was a trend of an increased dissimilarity of the PCV7 as compared to the PCV13 era using the LME model (LME model; P = 0.06)

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