Fig. 3
From: Microbiome–host systems interactions: protective effects of propionate upon the blood–brain barrier
Protective effects of propionate against oxidative stress. a Representation of stress response genes significantly upregulated in the current study and directly influenced by NFE2L2, the master regulator of antioxidant responses [54]. b Confocal microscopic analysis of expression of NFE2L2 (Nrf2) in hCMEC/D3 cells following treatment for 24 h with 1 μM propionate; scale bar (10 μm) applies to all images. Images are representative of at least three independent experiments. c Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in control and propionate pre-treated (1 μM, 24 h) hCMEC/D3 cells treated for 30 min with the mitochondrial complex I inhibitor rotenone (2.5 μM). Data are mean ± SEM, n = 3 independent experiments