Fig. 7

Restoration of the effect of fungi on colitis with E. coli supplementation. a Experimental design for the administration of E. coli MCR1, yeasts (C. albicans and S. boulardii), colistin, and DSS. b Weight of DSS-exposed mice (n = 12 per group). For statistical comparisons, an asterisk (*) indicates C. albicans + E. coli + colistin versus S. boulardii + E. coli + colistin and E. coli. c Disease activity index (DAI) of DSS-exposed mice (n = 12 per group). For statistical comparisons, asterisk (*) indicates S. boulardii + E. coli + colistin versus E. coli + colistin, and (&) indicates C. albicans + E. coli + colistin versus S. boulardii + E. coli + colistin. d Secreted lipocalin (pg/mg of feces) in the feces of mice treated with C. albicans + E. coli + colistin (n = 6), S. boulardii + E. coli + colistin (n = 7), and E. coli + colistin (n = 7). e Length of the colons of mice treated with C. albicans + E. coli + colistin (n = 9), S. boulardii + E. coli + colistin (n = 8), and E. coli + colistin (n = 8). f Histological scores of mice treated with C. albicans + E. coli + colistin (CA + EC) (n = 7), S. boulardii + E. coli + colistin (SB + EC) (n = 7), and E. coli + colistin (EC) (n = 4) on day 12 after DSS. g Amounts (pg/mg tissue) of IFN-γ (left) secreted by colon explants from mice treated with C. albicans + E. coli + colistin, S. boulardii + E. coli + colistin, and E. coli + colistin. h Representative H&E-stained images of proximal colon cross sections on day 12 after initial DSS exposure. i C. albicans (CA) and S. boulardii (SB) counts in the feces of mice treated with colistin or with colistin and E. coli (EC) and administered CA and SB (n = 5 per group and time point) by gavage. Throughout, data are presented as the mean ± s.e.m. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, and ^&&&P < 0.001 by one-way ANOVA with a post hoc Tukey or Dunn’s test