Study | Reference | Total no. of participants | Age (years) | Pneumococcal vaccination | Study type | Sample site | Type of OM | Analysis technique | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cross-sectional | Retrospective cross-sectional | Prospective longitudinal | Retrospective longitudinal | Nasopharynx | Nose | Middle ear fluid | AOM | AOMwP | OME | CSOM | All types of OM | Culture | Extended culture | qPCR | Viral testing* | Chlamydia testing⊥ | 16S r RNA gene sequencing | Biofilm° | |||||
Australian Indigenous | |||||||||||||||||||||||
 1972, Stuart | [46] | 100 | 5–14 | – | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||||||||
 1975, Stuart | [45] | 219 | < 2.5 | – | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||||||
 1975, Copeman | [44] | 187 | < 15 | – | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||||||
 1985, Dawson | [55] | 131 | 2–15 | – | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||||||||
 1994, Leach | [20] | 41 | < 0.75 | – | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||||||
 2003, Couzos | [40] | 147 | < 15 | ? | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||||||
 2003, Stuart | [49] | 27 | 1–10 | – | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||||||
 2005, Gibney ^ | [50] | 31 | < 8 | ? | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||||
 2006, Leach^ | [51] | 21 | < 1.5 | α | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||||||
 2007, Ashhurst-Smith | [37] | 50 | 1–10 | ? | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||||||||
 2008, Leach | [43] | 97 | 1–15 | – | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||||||||
 2008, Leach^ | [54] | 103 | NR | – | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||||||
 2009, Mackenzie^ | [52] | 148 | < 2 | α | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||||||
 2010, Morris ± | [53] | 320 | 0.5–6 | ? | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||||||||
 2011, Binks^ | [35] | 115 | < 2 | α | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||||
 2012, Marsh± | [56] | 27 | 0.5–4 | ? | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||||||||
 2013, Smith-Vaughan | [48] | 51 | 0.25–3.8 | α | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||||
 2013, Stephen | [42] | 89 | 5–12 | ? | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||||||||
 2012, Sun | [36] | 66 | < 2 | α | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||||||
 2015, Jervis-Bardy | [57] | 11 | 3–10 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||||||||
 2015, Leach | [47] | 60 | < 6 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||||||||
 2016, Leach | [16] | 651 | < 6 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||||||||
Greenlandic Inuit | |||||||||||||||||||||||
 1996, Homøe | [34] | 255 | < 10 | – | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||
 2009, Homøe | [39] | 10 | 2–5 | – | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||||
Alaskan Inuit | |||||||||||||||||||||||
 1999, Parkinson | [38] | 128 | < 5 | – | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |