Fig. 1

Vancomycin exposure accelerates learning and memory impairment in mice. a After a 1-week acclimation, mice were injected with streptozocin for 5 consecutive days to develop type 1 diabetic (T1D) mice and then administered with vancomycin (Van). The Morris water maze (MWM) test was used to evaluate learning and memory ability in T1D mice at 3, 7, and 11 weeks after Van treatment (n=6–7 mice per group). b Escape latency during the training period in normal control (CON), T1D, and Van-treated T1D (T1DV) mice at 3, 7, and 11 weeks. c Percentage of total swimming length in the Q-III area (original platform quadrant), d percentage of total swimming time in the Q-III area, and e the number of crossings over the original platform location during the test period in CON, T1D, and T1DV mice at 3, 7, and 11 weeks. f After a 1-week acclimation, mice were treated with Van and then their learning and memory ability was assessed by the MWM test at 3, 7, and 11 weeks after Van treatment (n=6–7 mice per group). g Escape latency during the training period in normal control (CON) and Van-treated CON (CONV) mice at 3, 7, and 11 weeks. h Percentage of total swimming length in the Q-III area, i percentage of total swimming time in the Q-III area, and j the number of crossings over the original platform location during the test period in CON and CONV mice at 3, 7, and 11 weeks. Time-series data were analyzed by repeated measures one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s multiple comparisons test. The differences among three groups were analyzed by one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s multiple comparisons test, and data with different lowercase codes are significantly different (P < 0.05). The difference between two groups was determined by two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test with Bonferroni correction