Host species and habitat shape fish-associated bacterial communities: phylosymbiosis between fish and their microbiome

Table 2 Results of the Kruskal–Wallis H test followed by a post hoc Dunn test testing differences in alpha diversity indices (Shannon entropy, Faith’s phylogenetic diversity (PD), and Chao1) for gut, skin, and water samples among all locations followed by separate tests within each location

Variables	Diversity index	Post hoc pairwise comparisons	Test statistic	Std. error	Adj. Sig.^a	d	Kruskal–Wallis H
All locations	Shannon entropy	Gut-skin	− 114	15	1.39E − 14	2	81 ***
		Gut-water	− 320	58	1.38E − 7
		Skin-water	− 205	58	0.0007
	PD	Gut-skin	− 108	14.6	4.69E − 13	2	74 ***
		Gut-water	− 316	58.5	1.97E − 7
		Skin-water	− 208	58.4	0.0014
	Chao1	Gut-skin	− 99	14.6	2.94E − 11	2	63 ***^b
		Gut-water	− 292	58.5	2.00E − 6
		Skin-water	− 192	58.4	0.003
Lake Ontario	Shannon entropy	Gut-skin	− 58	10	8.77E − 9	2	47 ***
		Gut-water	− 160	37.6	6E − 5
		Skin-water	− 101	37.6	0.02
	PD	Gut-skin	− 62	9.8	7.14E − 10	2	52 ***
		Gut-water	− 160	37.7	5.00E − 5
		Skin-water	− 98	37.7	0.02
	Chao1	Gut-skin	− 36	9.8	7.00E − 4	2	23 ***
		Gut-water	− 134	37.7	0.001
		Skin-water	− 98	37.7	0.02
Lake Erie	Shannon entropy	Gut-skin	− 58	8	8.01E − 14	2	57 ***
		Gut-water	− 83	37.4	0.02
		Skin-water	− 25	37.4	0.51
	PD	Gut-skin	− 72	7	0.00E0	2	88 ***
		Gut-water	− 97	37	0.02
		Skin-water	− 24	37	1.00
	Chao1	Gut-skin	− 67	7	0.00E0	2	76 ***
		Gut-water	− 85	37	0.06
		Skin-water	− 18	37	1.00
Detroit River	Shannon entropy	Gut-skin	− 1.5	7.5	1.00	2	7*
		Gut-water	− 76	28	0.02
		Skin-water	− 75	28	0.02
	PD	Gut-skin	17	7	0.05	2	13**
		Gut-water	− 66	27	0.05
		Skin-water	− 84	27	0.007
	Chao1	Gut-skin	7	7	1	2	8*
		Gut-water	− 69	27	0.03
		Skin-water	− 76	27	0.01

^aSignificance values have been adjusted by the Bonferroni correction for multiple tests
^bSignificance codes: 0.01 < P ≤ 0.05*, 0.001 < P ≤ 0.01**, P ≤ 0.001***

ISSN: 2049-2618