Fig. 1

Reconstruction of the phage genomes from the ruminant gastrointestinal tract (GIT). A Generation of the Unified Ruminant Phage Catalogue (URPC) using 2333 GIT microbiome samples from ten GIT sites and eight ruminant species. The upper-left panel shows a graphical representation of the ruminant gastrointestinal tract (GIT), with arrows indicating the direction of food flow through the stomach. The GIT sites in this study are divided into ten sections. The bottom-left panel shows the number of samples taken from the GIT sites or sections of the ruminants. The top-right panel shows the rarefaction analysis of the unique number of VPs (Y-axis) as a function of collected samples (X-axis), while the bottom-right panel shows the statistics on the identified phages from each of the eight ruminant species, including the number, genome size and taxonomy. B Pie chart showing the distribution of estimated quality of the VPs in the URPC into quality tiers estimated by CheckV (complete, n = 6,035; high-quality, n = 3085; medium-quality, n = 55,802). Column chart showing the quality distribution of VPs in each animal host. C Pie chart showing the proportion of annotated VPs in the URPC at the family level by using VirusTaxo and Demovir (see “Methods)