Fig. 4

Lifestyle analysis of the phages identified in the ruminant GIT and other environments. A Phage lifestyle analysis of the ruminant GIT, rumen, human gut, and other habitats in the IMG/VR v3 database. Due to the previous utilization of Virsorter1 [80] for viral identification, we reannotated the viral genomes from the moose rumen [26] using our viral identification pipeline (i.e., VirSorter2, VirFinder and CheckV; see “Methods” section), which has been marked with *. A DeePhage tool was used to analyze the phage lifestyles, which classified phages into four groups, including virulent (red), uncertain virulent (pink), uncertain temperate (light blue), and temperate (dark blue). The proportions next to the bar plots indicate the overall proportion of lytic phages (i.e., the virulent and uncertain virulent combined) in each dataset, while the numbers in the parentheses indicate the overall phage numbers in the corresponding datasets that passed our filtering criteria (i.e., CheckV completeness score > 50% and length > 1.5 k). B Comparisons in the phage lifestyles among the ruminants, Tanzania hunters, and the combination of public human gut virome datasets including the GPD, GVD, MGV, and CHGV. P values were calculated using the chi-square test