Fig. 5

Host prediction of the ruminant GIT phages and identification of lytic phages targeting methane producers. A Statistics on the viral-microbial host relationships using two different methods, namely CRISPR-spacer and sequence homology-(blastn) based methods. The UpSet plot shows the number of unique and shared viral-host interactions according to the two methods. The pie chart shows the proportion of phages whose host(s) could be predicted by these methods. B Histogram showing the number of phages (Y-axis) as a function of the number of predicted hosts at the genus level (X-axis). The phages could be divided into a specialist (number of host genus = 1) and a generalist (number of host genera > 1). C Characteristics of the phages stratified by their predicted microbial hosts at the phylum level, including the genome size, annotation rate, host specificity, and lifestyles. The lifestyles were predicted using DeePhage and classified into two groups (virulent: DeePhage score >  = 0.5, temperate: score < 0.5). D The interaction network between phages and methane-producers (i.e., archaea) predicted by phage-host relationships