Fig. 5

a PCoA and adonis test based on the Bray–Curtis distance of gut microbial functions among laying hens with and without dietary MF. b The difference in the Bray–Curtis distance of gut microbial functions among laying hens with and without dietary MF. c The heatmap shows gut microbial functional pathways with different abundances among laying hens with and without dietary MF. Different lowercase letters in each box of the same subfigure represent significant differences among laying hens in different groups (Tukey’s HSD test, p < 0.05). d The network shows correlations among functional pathways with bacterial and viral genera in the caecum digesta of laying hens with and without dietary MF